Inkqubo yeMveliso yeMineral Water Ultrafiltration
I-Ultrafiltration yindlela yokucoca i-membrane eyahlula izinto ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bazo kunye nobunzima be-molecular.Kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-membrane e-semipermeable evumela ukuba iimolekyuli ezincinci kunye ne-solvent idlule ngelixa igcina iimolekyuli ezinkulu kunye namasuntswana.
Kumashishini ahlukeneyo, i-ultrafiltration isetyenziselwa ukucocwa kunye nokuxinana kwezisombululo ze-macromolecular, ngakumbi izisombululo zeprotheni.Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswa kwimveliso yeekhemikhali kunye namayeza, ukulungiswa kokutya kunye nesiselo, kunye nokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka.Ezi zicelo zijolise ekusetyenzisweni ngokutsha, ukuphucula umgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokususa ukungcola.
Ukongeza, i-ultrafiltration ibalulekile kwi-dialysis yegazi, inkqubo yonyango esetyenziselwa ukususa inkunkuma kunye nolwelo olugqithileyo kwigazi kwizigulana ezinokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezintso.Ngokukhetha ngokukhetha izinto eziyingozi ngelixa ugcina izinto ezibalulekileyo, i-ultrafiltration idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni impilo-ntle yabantu abafuna unyango lwe-dialysis.
Ngokubanzi, i-ultrafiltration ibonelela ngeendlela ezisebenzayo zokwahlula kunye nokuhlanjululwa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo eziphuculweyo, kunye negalelo kwiziphumo ezingcono kuzo zombini izicelo zoshishino kunye nezonyango.
I-Ultrafiltration idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zokusela amanzi, ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yamanzi eJamani.Ngomthamo we-300 m3 / h, i-ultrafiltration isetyenziselwa ukususa i-particulates kunye ne-macromolecules kumanzi aluhlaza, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihlangabezana nemigangatho efunekayo yamanzi okusela.
I-Ultrafiltration ingaqeshwa njengenkqubo ezimeleyo kwimimandla ekwanti ejongene nokukhula kwabemi okanye njengokutshintshwa kweenkqubo zokucoca ezikhoyo kwiindawo zokunyanga amanzi.Xa ujongene namanzi aqukethe amanqanaba aphezulu ezinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo, unyango oluphambili kunye nesibini olufana nokuhlola, ukujikeleza, kunye nokucoca zidibaniswe ne-ultrafiltration njengezigaba zonyango lwangaphambili.
Iinkqubo ze-UF zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi kuneendlela zonyango zesintu.Azifuni iikhemikhali ngaphandle kweenjongo zokucoca, ziqinisekisa unikezelo lwamanzi okusela angenamichiza.Umgangatho wemveliso uhlala ungaguquguquki kungakhathaliseki umgangatho wamanzi wesondlo, uvumela umthombo othembekileyo wamanzi okusela.Ngaphaya koko, ubungakanani obubambeneyo bezityalo ze-UF bubenza balungele iisetingi ezahlukeneyo.
Enye yamandla aphambili e-ultrafiltration kukukwazi ukudlula imigangatho yokulawula umgangatho wamanzi.Ngokusebenza kakuhle kokususa i-90-100% ye-pathogens, i-UF iqinisekisa ukuba amanzi acociweyo akhuselekile ukuba asetyenziswe.
Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iinkqubo ze-UF zijongene nemiceli mngeni enxulumene nokungcoliswa kwe-membrane kunye nokutshintshwa, okunokuba yindleko.Ukunciphisa lo mbandela, unyango olongezelelweyo lwangaphambili lwamanzi okutya luyimfuneko ukuphepha umonakalo ogqithiseleyo kwiiyunithi ze-membrane.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-ultrafiltration isetyenziswa njengenyathelo lokuhluza kwangaphambili kwizityalo eziguqukayo ze-osmosis (RO).Ngokukhusela ii-membrane ze-RO ekungcoleni nasekonakaleni, i-UF inceda ukwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nobude benkqubo yokucoca amanzi ngokubanzi.
Lilonke, i-ultrafiltration yindlela esebenzayo nesetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuveliseni amanzi okusela akhuselekileyo, enika iingenelo ezifana nokungasetyenziswa kweekhemikhali, umgangatho wemveliso ongaguqukiyo uphezulu, kunye nokukwazi ukogqitha imigangatho yolawulo.
I-Ultrafiltration (UF) isetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lobisi, ngakumbi ekusetyenzweni kwe-cheese whey ukufumana i-whey protein concentrate (WPC) kunye ne-lactose-rich permeate.Kwinqanaba elinye, i-UF inokugxila kwi-whey 10-30 amaxesha xa kuthelekiswa nokutya kokuqala.
Ngaphambili, ukufudumeza komphunga okulandelwa kukomisa igubu okanye ukomisa isitshizi yayiyenye indlela yokuhluza inwebu yewhey.Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndlela zakhokelela kwiimveliso ezinosetyenziso olulinganiselweyo ngenxa yokuthungwa kwegranulated kunye nokunganyibiliki.Ngaphezu koko, ezi ndlela zinemveliso engahambelaniyo yokwakhiwa kwemveliso, imali ephezulu kunye neendleko zokusebenza, kwaye zihlala zikhupha ezinye iiprotheni ngenxa yobushushu obugqithisileyo obusetyenziselwa ukomisa.
Ngokwahlukileyo, iinkqubo ze-UF zewhey yesonka samasi zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi kwiindlela zemveli:
Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla: Iinkqubo ze-UF zifuna amandla amancinci xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zokufudumeza komphunga kunye nokomisa.
Umgangatho wemveliso ohambelanayo: Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zokusebenza, iinkqubo ze-UF zinokuvelisa iprotein ye-whey egxininise kunye noxinzelelo lweprotheyini ukusuka kwi-35% ukuya kwi-80%.Oku kuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso ongaguqukiyo.
Ukugcinwa kweprotheyini yengqibelelo: Iinkqubo ze-UF zisebenza phantsi kweemeko ezilinganiselweyo, ezinceda ukukhusela iprotheni denaturation.Ngenxa yoko, iiprotheni ezikwi-whey concentrate zihlala zilungile kwaye zigcina ukusebenza kwazo.
Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo ze-UF ze-cheese whey zijongene nemingeni enxulumene nokungcola, okunokunciphisa kakhulu imveliso.I-cheese whey iqulethe amanqanaba aphezulu e-calcium phosphate, enokuthi ikhokelele kwidiphozithi yesikali kumphezulu wenwebu.Ukujongana noku, amanyathelo onyango ayimfuneko ayimfuneko ukulungelelanisa i-pH kunye nobushushu bokutya, ukuqinisekisa ukunyibilika kweetyuwa ze-calcium.
Ngamafutshane, iinkqubo ze-UF zitshintshe ukuxinana kweeproteni kwishishini lobisi, ngakumbi kwimveliso yeprotein ye-whey.Banikezela ngokusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, umgangatho wemveliso ongaguqukiyo, kunye nokugcinwa kweprotheyini yengqibelelo.Nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo kufuneka athathwe ukuthintela ukungcola okubangelwa yi-calcium phosphate deposits.
I-Ultrafiltration (UF) inezinye ezininzi izicelo ezingaphaya kweshishini lobisi.Ezinye izicelo ezongezelelweyo ziquka:
Ukuhluzwa kwamanzi amdaka avela kumatshini wokusila wephepha: I-UF inokususa ngokufanelekileyo izinto eziqinileyo ezimisiweyo, i-lignin, kunye nolunye ungcoliseko oluphuma kumanzi amdaka olwenziwa ngexesha lomsebenzi wokugaya ipulp, ukunceda ukuhlangabezana nemigaqo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokuvelisa amanzi acocekileyo ukuze aphinde asetyenziswe okanye akhutshwe.
Ukwenziwa kwetshizi: I-UF isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwetshizi ukugxila kwiiprotheni zobisi kunye nokususa amanzi amaninzi, okukhokelela kumxholo weprotheyini ephezulu kwitshizi.Le nkqubo idla ngokubizwa ngokuba lubisi olucwengekileyo.
Ukususwa kwezinye iibhaktheriya elubisini: I-UF ingasetyenziselwa ukususa ibhaktheriya, i-spores, kunye neeseli ze-somatic kubisi olukrwada, okukhokelela ekuphuculweni komgangatho wobisi kunye nokwandisa ubomi beshelufu.
Inkqubo kunye nokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka: I-UF isetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo ukwahlula kunye nokususwa kwezinto eziqinileyo, i-colloids, kunye ne-macromolecules ukusuka kwinkqubo kunye nemisinga yamanzi amdaka.Yindlela esebenzayo yokunciphisa izinto eziqinileyo kunye nezingcolisi eziphilayo, ezikhokelela kumanzi acocekileyo ukuze aphinde asetyenziswe okanye akhutshwe.
Ukubuyiswa kwe-Enzyme: I-UF inokuqeshwa ukwahlula kunye nokubuyisela i-enzymes kwi-broths yokubilisa okanye eminye imithombo.Inkqubo ivumela ukucocwa kunye nokugxilwa kwe-enzymes, eyenza ukusetyenziswa kwazo kumashishini ahlukeneyo, njengokutya, amayeza, kunye ne-biofuels.
Ukugxilwa kwencindi yeziqhamo kunye nengcaciso: I-UF isetyenziselwa ukugxila kwijusi yeziqhamo ngokususa amanzi kunye nokunciphisa umthamo, okukhokelela ekugxininiseni okuphezulu kwezinto eziqinileyo zendalo kunye neencasa.Ukongeza, i-UF inokucacisa iijusi zeziqhamo ngokususa izinto eziqinileyo kunye namafu, okukhokelela kwimveliso ecacileyo nebonakalayo.
I-Dialysis kunye nolunye unyango lwegazi: I-UF isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-dialysis kunye neenkqubo zokunyanga igazi ukususa inkunkuma, ulwelo olugqithisileyo, kunye ne-toxins egazini.Ukukwazi kwee-membrane ze-UF ukukhetha iimolekyuli ezisekelwe kubukhulu zivumela ukususwa kwezinto ezinobungozi ngelixa zigcina izinto ezibalulekileyo egazini.
I-Desalting kunye ne-solvent-exchange-exchange of proteins (nge-diafiltration): I-UF ingasetyenziselwa ukukhupha kunye nokutshintshiselana kwe-solvent yeeprotheni.Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukususwa kweetyuwa kwizisombululo zeprotheyini kunye nokutshintsha isinyibilikisi kwisithinteli okanye isisombululo esifunekayo.
Ukuveliswa kweLebhu yenqanaba leLebhu: i-UF iqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiilabhoratri zoxinaniso, ukucocwa, kunye nokwahlula ii-biomolecules, ezinje ngeeproteni, ii-enzymes, kunye ne-nucleic acid.Sisixhobo esinexabiso kuphando nakwimveliso yomgangatho welabhoratri.
I-Radiocarbon dating ye-collagen yamathambo: I-UF idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutsalweni nasekucocweni kwe-collagen kwiisampulu ze-archaeological bone for dating radiocarbon.Inkqubo ivumela ukususwa kwezinto eziphazamisayo, ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezichanekileyo nezithembekileyo zokuthandana.
